Understanding the Contentious Issues Surrounding American Sign Language (ASL)

Introduction

American Sign Language (ASL) is a complex and dynamic language used by deaf and hard of hearing individuals in the United States. Over the years, ASL has been the subject of numerous debates and controversies. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the contentious issues surrounding ASL, exploring its history, controversies, and implications for the deaf community.

Historical Context

ASL emerged in the 18th century at the American School for the Deaf in Hartford, Connecticut, established by Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet. Initially, ASL was viewed as a substandard form of communication, with proponents of oralism arguing that speech and lip-reading should be the primary means of instruction for deaf students.

However, in the 20th century, there was a growing recognition of the value and importance of ASL. The Bilingual-bicultural Movement in the 1970s and 1980s advocated for the use of ASL as the primary language of instruction in deaf schools. This movement led to the establishment of bilingual and bicultural programs, which recognized the unique linguistic and cultural identity of the deaf community.

Controversies Surrounding ASL

Despite progress in the recognition of ASL, several controversies continue to surround its use and status:

1. ASL as a Legitimate Language

Some individuals have questioned whether ASL is a true language, arguing that it lacks the complexity and grammatical structure of spoken languages. However, research has consistently demonstrated that ASL is a fully developed and expressive language with its syntax, morphology, and vocabulary. It is recognized as a language by the United Nations and the United States Department of Education.

2. Bilingual Education

The use of ASL in education has been a source of debate. While advocates of bilingual education argue that it provides deaf students with a strong foundation in their primary language, opponents contend that it may hinder their ability to acquire English and succeed in a hearing world. Research has shown mixed results on the effectiveness of bilingual education, but it is generally acknowledged that a strong foundation in ASL can benefit deaf students' overall linguistic and cognitive development.

3. Deaf Interpreters

The role of deaf interpreters in sign language interpreting has also been a topic of controversy. Some argue that deaf interpreters provide a more accurate and culturally appropriate interpretation than hearing interpreters, while others maintain that hearing interpreters have better access to mainstream information and resources. There is a growing recognition of the value of deaf interpreters, but challenges remain in ensuring their availability and certification.

4. Cultural Differences

ASL has distinct cultural nuances and norms that reflect the experiences and perspectives of the deaf community. These cultural differences can sometimes lead to misunderstandings or conflicts with hearing individuals. It is important to recognize and respect the cultural identity of the deaf community and to engage in respectful communication practices.

Implications for the Deaf Community

The controversies surrounding ASL have significant implications for the deaf community:

• Impeded Access to Information and Services: If ASL is not recognized as a legitimate language, it can create barriers to information, education, and healthcare for deaf individuals.
• Reduced Cultural Identity: The denial of ASL's status as a language can diminish the cultural identity and self-esteem of deaf individuals.
• Limited Educational Opportunities: Controversies over bilingual education can limit the opportunities for deaf students to receive a quality education in their primary language.
• Employment Barriers: Discrimination against ASL users in the workplace can hinder their career advancement and economic well-being.

Effective Strategies for Addressing Contentious Issues

To address the contentious issues surrounding ASL, several effective strategies can be employed:

• Education and Awareness: Raising awareness about ASL and its importance for the deaf community is crucial. Educational programs and initiatives should focus on informing the general public, policymakers, and professionals about ASL's linguistic and cultural significance.
• Policy and Legislation: The enactment of policies and legislation that recognize ASL as a legitimate language and promote its use in education, employment, and other settings can help to remove barriers for deaf individuals.
• Professional Development: Training and professional development opportunities for interpreters, educators, and other service providers are essential to ensure that they have the skills and knowledge to work effectively with deaf individuals who use ASL.
• Cultural Sensitivity: Fostering cultural sensitivity and understanding between deaf and hearing communities can help to reduce misunderstandings and promote respectful communication practices.

Table 1: Recognition of ASL as a Legal Language

Table 2: Bilingual Education Programs for Deaf Students

Table 3: Employment Rates of Deaf Individuals

Stories and Lessons Learned

Story 1:

In 2018, a deaf student named Emily was denied admission to a prestigious university because her ASL interpreter was not allowed to sit in the classroom with her. Emily and her advocates argued that excluding the interpreter would hinder her ability to fully participate and succeed in her studies. After a lengthy legal battle, the university reversed its decision and allowed the interpreter to attend classes with Emily.

Lesson Learned: The importance of legal protections and advocacy to ensure equal access to education for deaf individuals.

Story 2:

In 2020, a deaf employee named Jake was fired from his job because his employer claimed that his ASL interpreter was disruptive. Jake and his union filed a lawsuit against the company, alleging discrimination. The case was settled out of court, with the company agreeing to pay a substantial settlement and to implement new policies to accommodate deaf employees.

Lesson Learned: The need for anti-discrimination laws and employer education to prevent workplace discrimination against deaf individuals.

Story 3:

In 2022, a deaf community center launched a program to teach local businesses how to communicate with deaf customers. The program included workshops on ASL basics, cultural sensitivity training, and deaf awareness. The program was a success, with many businesses reporting increased customer satisfaction and revenue.

Lesson Learned: The value of community-based initiatives to promote inclusivity and bridge the gap between deaf and hearing communities.

Pros and Cons of Contentious Issues

Pros:

• Enhanced Communication: Resolving contentious issues surrounding ASL can improve communication between deaf and hearing individuals, leading to greater social inclusion and understanding.
• Increased Access: By recognizing ASL as a legitimate language, we can increase access to information, education, and employment opportunities for deaf individuals.
• Preservation of Deaf Culture: Embracing ASL and its cultural nuances helps to preserve the unique identity and heritage of the deaf community.

Cons:

• Potential Language Conflict: Some argue that the promotion of ASL may lead to a decline in the use of spoken languages, especially among deaf children.
• Educational Challenges: Bilingual education programs require significant resources and trained educators, which can be challenging to provide in all school districts.
• Interpretation Costs: The use of deaf interpreters in professional settings can be expensive, which may pose a financial burden on some organizations.

FAQs

1. Is ASL a universal language?

No, ASL is not a universal language. There are many different sign languages used around the world, each with its syntax, vocabulary, and cultural nuances.

2. Can hearing people learn ASL?

Yes, hearing people can learn ASL. There are many ASL classes and programs available, and with practice and dedication, hearing individuals can become proficient in ASL.

3. What are the benefits of using deaf interpreters?

Deaf interpreters provide a more accurate and culturally appropriate interpretation than hearing interpreters, ensuring that deaf individuals have full access to information and communication.

4. Is ASL being used less frequently?

There is no evidence to suggest that ASL is being used less frequently. In fact, there is a growing recognition and appreciation of ASL as a legitimate language.

5. What is the future of ASL?

The future of ASL is bright. With continued awareness, advocacy, and support, ASL will continue to thrive as a vibrant and valuable language for the deaf community.

6. How can I support the deaf community?

There are many ways to support the deaf community, including:

• Learning ASL or hiring a qualified interpreter
• Advocating for policies that recognize ASL as a legitimate language
• Attending deaf cultural events
• Amplifying the voices of deaf individuals